Haumea
the strangest known object in the
Kuiper belt
Haumea and Namaka are currently undergoing a series of mutual occultations
and eclipses. Study of these events will allow us to study this system
with unprecedented detail. Read about it HERE
2003 EL61 -- now known as Haumea -- is one of the strangest known objects in the solar system.
It is a big across as Pluto, but shaped like a cigar. Or perhaps like a
football
[American-style]. Or, most accurately, a football that has too little
air in it and has been stepped on. It spins end over end every 4 hours
like a football that has been kicked. It appears to be made almost
entirely of rock, but with a glaze of ice over the surface. It is
surrounded by two tiny satellites (Hi'iaka and Namaka) and is followed in its orbit by a
swarm of other small icy bodies. Everything that we know about this
body appears to tell us that in its past another object slammed into it
at high speed and cracked it into pieces which flew all around the
outer solar system and left what we see today. Follow the story
below....
Haunea looks and spins approximately like this:
What is Haumea?
Haumea is the third-largest known dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt,
the region of space beyond Neptune that contains the larger dwarf
planets Eris and Pluto as well as thousands of smaller objects.
How big is Haumea?
Many times when objects like this are discovered we don't actually know
how big we are, just how bright they are. How bright they are tells us
how much sunlight they reflect. But they could be bright and reflect a
lot of sunlight because
they are large or they could be bright because they are highly
reflective, like a ball of snow. In the case of Haumea, however, we
have gotten lucky, because soon after the discovery of the object we
discovered a moon
orbiting it. By following the orbit of the moon over the course of 6
months we are able to precisely determine the mass of Haumea and its
moon. The mass is about 32% that of Pluto. Unfortunately, the mass does
not directly tell us it's size. An object that weighs a lot can either
be small and dense, like something made out of rock, or large and less
dense, like something made out of ice.
The fast spin of Haumea, however, gives away its size in a somewhat
complicated way. When an object spins quickly, it stretches out, much
like a pizza crust tossed into the air. A denser rockier object
stretches out less than a less dense lighter object. By seeing just how
much Haumea stretches out due to its spin we can tell how dense it
is. We find that Haumea must be made almost entirely of rock or else
its very fast 4 hour spin would stretch it out even more than it is
already stretched!
Once we know how much Haumea weighs and we know what Haumea is
made of we can figure out how big it is. The answer is that it is
as big as Pluto -- along its longest dimension. Nothing else so
large and so elongated or so quickly rotating is known anywhere in the
solar system.
What is Haumea made out of?
From the spin we see that the density of Haumea is almost that of
rock. By looking at sunlight reflected from the surface of Haumea
and carefully analyzing the spectrum of the light we have found,
however, that the surface appears to be pure ice (again, a technical paper). It seems that
Haumea is a large rocky body with a thin film of ice. A
cross-section would look something like this:
This is not dissimilar to the cross-section of an M&M candy, though
they have chocolate, rather than rock, on the inside. No one ever
expected to find something quite like this in the outer
solar system.......
The moons of Haumea
The first moon to Haumea was discovered on January 28th 2005 by
observations at the Keck
Observatory. The observations were obtained with a brand new high
powered system at Keck which used a laser projecting out of the
telescope to correct for the turbulence of the atmosphere. This system,
called laser guide
star adaptive optics, allows astronomers on the ground to take
images with the sharpness of images obtained from space by the Hubble
Space Telescope. When we observed Haumea with this new facility we
immediately saw that there was a faint moon in the vicinity. From 5
observations over the span of 6 months we have precisely determined the
orbit of the satellite (now named Hi'iaka) to Haumea.
A (technical) scientific
paper describing the discovery of Hi'iaka can be read in the
October issue of the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Here is an image of Hi'iaka from the night of 30 June 2005. Haumea is the bright object in the center and Hi'iaka appears
directly below about 0.5 arcseconds. To the south of Haumea you can
also see a faint object which turns out to be a second satellite -- Namaka.
The Namaka is fainter than Hi'iaka, but still detected in
three of the five images of the first satellite. You can read the
(again, technical) scientific paper
describing the second satellite (and the satellite to Eris), too.
About 10% of Kuiper belt objects have satellites, but until recently no
other object in the Kuiper belt was known to have more than one
satellite. Recently, however, 2 small satellites around Pluto were also
discovered. We suspect that other Kuiper belt objects (at
least large Kuiper belt objects) might also have multiple satellite
systems, but very sensitive searches around all of the largest Kuiper
belt objects using the Hubble Space Telescope have failed to turn up
any new multiple systems.
From five observations like the one above we can mathematically solve
for the precise orbit of the brighter satellite. You can see the orbit
of
Hi'iaka along with the five observations below. Three observations of
namaka are not sufficient to rigorously solve for the
orbit of the satellite, but, if we assume it is on a circular orbit, we
come up with a solution like the one seen below.
The orbits of the two satellites are seen almost edge on, which is why
they look so elongated. The orbits are tilted to each other by about 40
degrees. We're pretty sure that the orbit that we derived for the
second satellite it incorrect. The two satellites appear large enough
that they effect each other's orbits sufficiently that we will not be
able to determine both of the orbits accurately without much much more
data. We're hard at work on that right now!
From the two satellites, we have learned several important things about
the Haumea system. First, both satellites appear to be quite
small. The larger one is perhaps 1% of the mass of the primary while
the smaller is only 0.2% of the mass of the primary.
Hi'iaka is on a long period orbit, circling Haumea
every 49
days, in contrast to Pluto's large satellite Charon which orbits in
just 6 days. The longer
orbital period Hi'iaka is a consequence both of the more
distant orbit of the satellite from Haumea and the lower mass of
Haumea. The orbit is almost circular but not quite (because of the
affect of the second moon!).
Seen from the earth the satellite reaches a maximum distance from Haumea of about 1.5 arcseconds. This distance is just enough to enable to
Hi'iaka to be seen with telescopes even without high power laser
adaptive optics systems. This fact has enabled us to study the
larger moon in detail to determine that it is, essentially, a large
chunk of ice (yet another technical
paper).
The biggest scientific benefit of the large satellite is that it allows
us to
calculate the mass of the system. Once we know the distance of the
satellite from the primary and we know the time it take to orbit we can
simply calculate the mass. A higher mass object would pull the
satellite more tightly and cause it to orbit faster. Knowing the mass
allows us to figure out the size, as discussed above.
Why is Haumea spinning fast, shaped like a
football, made out of ice-covered rock, and surrounded by tiny
satellites?
Good question. We have constructed a hypothesis which attempts to
explain everything going on on Haumea. The hypothesis goes like
this: 4.5 billion years ago, when the solar
system was in the process of forming, the object that is now Haumea
was a ball made half of ice and half of rock and about the size of
Pluto (much like what we think Pluto is today). Sometime early in its
history, another large Kuiper belt object collided with Haumea
obliquely. This collision knocked away most of the ice (which would
have been on the outside) of Haumea, leaving just a rock covered in
a thin film of ice. The oblique
impact caused Haumea to spin rapidly. The rapid spin elongated Haumea into the football shape we see today. Some of the debris from the
impact
coalesced into the satellites, which would have been initially much
closer but which have been evolving outward with time.
This story contains some elements of how we think the Earth and Moon
formed: a Mars-sized body hit the proto-earth and the moon coalesced
from the debris following the impact. There is also an analogy to the
formation of Charon around Pluto which was thought to have been from a
Kuiper belt impact at a similar time. Finally there is an analogy to
the planet Mercury, which was once thought to be much larger but was
smashed by a huge object early in its history which removed much of the
rocky outer layer and left mostly the iron core that we see today.
One of the interesting predictions of this hypothesis is that the
debris from the collision, from which the satellites formed, should
have been composed predominantly of ice, rather than rock. The
satellites themselves, then, should be almost purely ice. The best way
to determine the composition of the satellites would be if we could
determine their density. Unfortunately, the satellites are too small to
measure the densities any time soon. We can, however, measure the
composition of the surface of Hi'iaka. We find that it,
like Haumea itself, is composed of water ice. On Hi'iaka the
water ice appears perhaps 100% pure. While we don't know for certain
that there is not rock under the surface, we think that such pure water
ice is a likely indication that there is water ice all the way down,
which is consistent with our hypothesis.
The family of Haumea
While the odd characteristics of Haumea and its moons initially led
us to the hypothesis of a giant impact, the
smoking gun came when we found the other icy debris left over from the
collision in orbits similar to Haumea itself. In a paper just
published in Nature we show the existence of five small objects in the
Kuiper belt which look just like the moons of Haumea and appear to
be additional chunks of the icy outer layer of Haumea that got
blasted off the surface. These chunks appear to be about 10% of the
total amount of material blasted off the surface. Some of the rest
probably evaporated into space,
but some smaller ones are probably still in the vicinity waiting to be
found. We recognized these chunks as debris from Haumea because we
first noticed that a small number of Kuiper belt objects appeared to
have unique surfaces composed of almost pure ice. Most of the other
Kuiper belt objects have much more complex surfaces that are difficult
to understand, but Haumea, its satellites, and these five new
objects all appeared unique. While trying to understand why these we
different it suddenly became glaringly obvious that all of these
objects were on very similar orbits, and that if you traced those
orbits back in time you would be able to connect them to a single
location where they were once part of a larger body (this is an
oversimplification, but gets the main point).
This is pretty exciting stuff! We had never before had evidence for
such catastrophic disruptions in the outer solar system, though they
appear moderately common within the asteroid belt in the inner solar
system. What is even more interesting is that the collision occurred
near a region of space where Kuiper belt objects don't live for long
without having their orbits become unstable (for the curious: the
orbits become unstable because they go around the sun precisely 7 times
for every 12 times that Neptune goes around the sun, and, over
time, the fact that this pattern repeats gives the Kuiper belt objects
slight perturbations every orbit which eventually build up enough to
cause the object to be unstable). When the orbits become
unstable, the objects can eventually work their way in towards the
inner solar system where we would call them comments. It is clear that
the giant impact that made the Haumea family must have created many
many tiny fragments that have lit up the earth's skies in the past.
Even more interesting, Haumea is on an unstable orbit and will
possibly become a comet itself. When it does it will probably be 10,000
times brighter than the spectacular comet Hale-Bopp, making it
something like the brightness of the full moon and easily visible in
the daytime sky. The only catch is that all of this will happen in
perhaps 1 billion years, so you have a little bit of waiting to do to
see it!
When will Haumea get a real name like Eris and Sedna and Quaoar?
We don't know. We submitted a name to the International Astronomical
Union in mid September 2006 for Haumea and both of its satellites.
The name were based in Hawaiian mythology to pay homage to the place
where the satellites were discovered. We have heard nothing from the IAU since.
Until Today! 17 September 2008. 2003 EL61 is now Haumea, with satellites
Hi'iaka and Namaka.
You can read the story behind the name at www.mikebrownsplanets.com
